International business expansion and cultural impacts yielding success or failure The impact of culture on the global economy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2103 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? International business expansion and cultural impacts yielding success or failure: The impact of culture on the global economy Doctoral Dissertation Proposal Business problem Hodge (2001) states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Securing a global competitive advantage is the greatest challenge facing business today.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  After all, Scott (2004) tells us going à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“beyond the bordersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is the next logical step for organisations once theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re established. In fact, among US franchises along, while only 3,365 had international units in 1971, by 1990 the number increased more than 10 fold to 39,000 franchised units (Scott 2004). Macnaghten and Jacobs (1997) emphasise the need to understand the manner in which the public of a target country identifies with and can support a product line or organisation in order to assure sustaintability, stating that if this is not properly studied, the likelihood of business success in expansion into a foreign country is highly unlikely. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International business expansion and cultural impacts yielding success or failure: The impact of culture on the global economy" essay for you Create order Not only is an understanding of how the target country identifies with the product, but it is critical to understand the culture of the target country during all negotiations and business interactions in order to assure success. For example, Ostermiller (2004) cites the incident of a businessman arriving in casual attire inclusive of sandals to dine with Chinese representatives of an organisation. The deal was quickly quashed as straw sandals, like the ones worn by the casual businessman, represent funerals within the Chinese culture and representatives were highly offended at the implication and lack of regard for their heritage (Ostermiller 2004). Frase (2007) states many international deals are often lost due to the misinterpretation of a single word. Thus, the statement made by Shattuck (2006) that suggests a proper business and cultural foundation is critical in order for businesses to succeed in their plans for expansion or start-up in a new country is accurate and presen ts a growing problem in business today. There is a widespread, yet inaccurate belief that if one is successful in their own country, expanding into another is a natural step that should, theoretically, proceed without any problems. This is clearly not the case in the real world. Research phenomenon Kanter and Corn (1994) tell us which most business negotiations are fraught with tension, when acquisitions of international firms are involved in order to expand business in a target market; yet most frequently their success or failure is based on cultural values. Hodge (2001) believes that, while à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  factors, including currency fluctuation, economic condition and political stability are critical to assess in a potential country of planned business expansion, it is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“softà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  factor, cultural differences and cultural awareness that can make or break your business. For example, how are female managers viewed by the country planned for business entry? Cordana, Scherer and Owen (2002) determined that gender was the ultimate explanation for three times the variance than culture specific issues within a country; however, the attitudes towards gender are part of a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s culture where resistance to female managers by male counterparts would be a source of friction. This was also highlighted in research on cross-cultural attitudes of organisations in India, Korea and the United States which found that significant cultural implications are responsible for concepts of power and strength within the business environment (Christie, Kwon, Stoeberl Baumhart, 2003). Research has also highlighted the role various industries present as cultural industries, such as fashion or design which have serious implications related to cultural awareness of target countries in order to assure success in business expansion (Banks, Lovatt, Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor Raffo 2000). For example, Brooks Brother s made the decision in 1991 to expand from New York City to Italy, citing Italians as fashion conscious and ready for their type of classic clothing (Palmieri 1991). Palmieri (1991) also noted that Brooks Brotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s already had a strong demand for their product in Italy prior to the expansion. Even within the computer technology industry, knowledge of how international websites are viewed and interpreted with respect to business must be designed with attention to cultural awareness and conform to cultural differences. For example, Zhang and Galletta (2006) note that Mexicans studied were seen as more patient during longer waiting periods for web pages to load when compared with Americans. Similar issues were highlighted in research conducted by Russo and Boor (1993) on the need for culturally aware user interfaces for international companies. For example, Russo and Boor (1993) sited the importance of word choice, local formats, use of images, colour choice and eve n process flow as needing to be appropriate for viewing and use in the target country. Business conduct and processes vary from culture and country to culture and country. For example, Aguinis and Kragier (2006) noted that in Latin America, meetings do not usually start at the scheduled time; however, oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s level of annoyance at the cultural phenomenon can lead to a quick dissolution of the business expansion plans as evidenced by a lack of cultural awareness. Cultural awareness on issues such as this are critical, as pointed out by Very and Schweiger (2001) who tell us that poorly managed acquisition processes can significantly sour the business relationship and opportunities in the target country. Concluding, Meschi (1997) notes that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the extent to which the longevity of an international joint venture affects the intensity of its cultural differences.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In other words, attention to cultural differences leads to success or failure of business start-up or planned expansion into other countries. This is also supported by Baris Oney (cited in Looking for Opportunity? 2005), head of International Business Development Relations at Turkcell who tells us the most important facet in business expansion is finding a target country familiar with Western business standards plus a comprehensive understanding of the target regionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s socio-political undercurrents. Unresolved issues The majority of existing research appears limited in a number of ways. Firstly the primary focus on whether culture affects international business expansion tends to focus on management attention to culture from a human resources vantage point. Secondly, little purely academic research exists on the role of cultural appropriateness for international business expansion as proposed for this dissertation; the majority of current literature is primarily limited to trade journals, newspaper articles and discourse provided on webs ites. As such, it is believed that the results of this dissertation would add to the limited research available on the role of cultural awareness and cultural appropriateness on the success or failure of international expansion or state up. Research questions and hypotheses Based on a review of industry through current academic literature and the lack of data specific to the role of cultural awareness in business expansion or start-up in a foreign country, the following research questions and hypothesis is presented. Are some industries better suited to international expansion or start up than others? What role does technology play in the success or failure of international business based on cultural acceptance? How important is cultural awareness in the plans for international business expansion? Are some countries more accepting of international business expansion into their territories than others? Is there an international culture and language unique to global business (Clear window into Chinese market 2006)? Hypotheses: Cultural awareness is considered one of the most important aspects predicting the success of international business expansion or start-up. Rational and description of approach A mixed methodology approach is proposed in order to provide a comprehensive research effort. Cross, David, Graham and Thralls (1996) tell us the specific methodologies chosen should connect not only the research but the results to real world practicality. Particularly in the world of business, research has turned to using triangulated results from both qualitative and quantitative methodologies performed within the research scope of a single study to provide stronger and more meaningful results (Sogunro 2002). More specifically, Sogunro (2002) states that research studies should be designed based on what is most likely to provide the most useful set of knowledge. Therefore, if a researcher uses a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach results can provide complimentary data as benefitted from each unique methodology viewed separately (Devers 1999). Combined research methodologies also allow for a more descriptive study that Schollhammer (1994) believes are increasing seen as the research methodology most often used in management and business in order to allow for a more focused approach to research questions. Schollhammer (1994) concluded the most valuable pieces of research for business and management are those that use multiple methodological approaches. Therefore, this project proposes the mixed methodology approach Participants will be comprised of business development managers working in Fortune 500 companies as well as within medium sized companies from both Great Britain and from the United States. Participants will be actively recruited to take part in an online questionnaire specifically developed for this study. Although no contact information will be collected on the questionnaire itself, the last question on the survey will ask if the participant is interested in taking part in an online chat-like/focus group. Those participants who elect that option by answering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“yesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  wi ll be automatically transferred online to a separate form for the participant to complete strictly on contact information and best time to arrange the online session, thus assuring no personal information will be maintained on the quantitative questionnaire portion of the study. Those who decline the invitation will automatically be logged off the system and their survey/questionnaire responses will automatically be uploaded into the database table constructed to hold feeds from the line research data. References Aguinis, H Kraiger, K. 2006. Intervening in emerging markets: Back to the basics, or go home empty-handed. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Inc. [Online]. Retrieved from: https://70.60.24.9/tip/backissues/tipdec95/aguinis.aspx [Accessed 2 October 2008]. Banks, M, Lovatt, A, Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, J Raffo, C. 2000. Risk and trust in the cultural industries. Geoforum, 31(4), 453 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 464. Christie, PMJ, Kwon, IWG, Stoeberl, PA Baumhart, R. 2003. A cross-cultural comparison of ethical attitudes of business managers: India, Korea and the United States. Journal of Business Ethics, 24, 263 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 287. Clear window into Chinese market. 2006. Automotive Industries. [Online]. Retrieved from: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3:1083692591 [Accessed 8 October 2008]. Cordano, M, Scherer, RF Owen, C. 2002. Attitudes toward women as managers: Sex versus culture. Women in Management Review, 17(10), 51 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 60. Cross, GA, David, CS, Graham, MB Thralls, C. 1996.Thinking and rethinking business methodology. Business Communication Quarterly, 59(3), 105 115. Devers, KJ. 1999. How will we know à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  qualitative research when we see it? Beginning the dialogue in health services research. Health Services Research, 34(5), 1153 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1188. Frase, M. 2007. How all employees a wider world: Even employees who donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t travel over seas need to know the culture and practices of the countries where you have commercial ties. HR Magazine. [Online]. Retrieved from: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:165167749 [Accessed 8 October 2008]. Galletta, D., Henry, RM, Mccoy, S Polak, P. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Understanding the direct and interaction effects of web delay and related factors: A research program.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In Computer Interaction and Management Information Systems Foundations, eds. P Zhang D Galletta. Human-Advances in Management Information Systems, 5, 26 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 69. Hodge, S. 2000. Global smarts: The art of communicating and deal making anywhere in the world. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Kanter, RM Corn, RI. 1994. Do cultural differences make a business difference? Contextual factors affecting cross-cultural relationship success. Journal of Management Development, 13(2), 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 23. Looking for an opportunity? Go East, young man: European and US companies are incre asingly looking at Turkey s a partner and springboard to new markets further afield. Foreign Policy. [Online]. Retrieved from https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:138534066 [Accessed 8 October 2008]. Macnaghten, P Jacobs, M. 1997. Public identification with sustainable development investigating cultural barriers to participation. Global Environmental Change, 7(1), 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 24. Meschi, PX. 1997. Longevity and cultural differences of international joint ventures: Toward time-based cultural management. Human Relations, 50(2), 211 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 228. Ostermiller, P. 2004. Global gifting: A sampling of suitable gifts from local honey to yak hair hats. Utah Business. Retrieved from: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:125953711 [Accessed 8 October 2008]. Palmieri, JE. 1991. Brooks Bros. to sell line to Italian stores. Daily News Record. [Online]. Retrieved from https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:10911747 [Accessed 8 October 2008]. Russo, P Boor, S. How fluent is yo ur interface? Designing for international users. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Proceedings of the INTERACT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢93 and CHI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢93 conference on human factors in computing systems. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1993, pages 342 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 347. Schollhammer, H. 1994. Strategies and methodologies in international business and comparative management research. Management International Review, 34, 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 20. Scott, NR. 2004. For the stout-hearted and well-heeled, opportunities abound overseas. Franchising World. [Online]. Retrieved from: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:112686801 [Accessed 8 October 2008]. Shattuck, MC. 2006. How franchise companies can target growth markets. Franchising World. [Online]. Retrieved from: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:143481457 [Accessed 8 October 2008]. Sogunro, O. 2002. Selecting a quantitative or qualitative research methodology: An experience. Educational Research Quarterly, 26 (1), 3- 10. Stephens, GK Greer, CR. 1995. Doing business in Mexico: Understanding cultural differences. Organizational Dynamics, 24(1), 39 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 55. Very, P Schweiger, DM. 2001. The acquisition process as a learning process: Evidence from a study of critical problems and solutions in domestic and cross-border deals. Journal of World Business, 36(1), 11 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 31.

Karl Marx, Adam Smith, And Andrew Carnegie - 1350 Words

Catherine Lundy Kurt Weber Section #62 20th Cent. World History Fall 2015 Karl Marx, Adam Smith, and Andrew Carnegie The writings of Karl Marx, Adam Smith, and Andrew Carnegie all made significant impacts in society not only in their time, but continuing to this day. Marx shared is opinions on capitalism and his views of the progression of human society in his writing, The Communist Manifesto which he wrote with Friedrich Engles and published in 1848. Marx believed in the idea of a society with no capitalism and the abolition of the bourgeoisie. Adam Smith wrote a book called The Wealth of Nations which was published in 1776. In his book he tells the reader what helps to build the economy of a nation and essentially advocates for capitalism. Andrew Carnegie was a self-made multimillionaire who gained his wealth by investing in the railroads. In 1889 he wrote an article titled The Gospel of Wealth in which he discusses the duty of the upper class to distribute their surplus wealth to those in need. All three of these men were influential in their works a nd ways of life, but all three had extremely different opinions on capitalism. Karl Marx’s viewed capitalism as something that was negative for our society, but that would eventually become a positive. Because of capitalism, the bourgeoisie (upper and middle class) would often oppress the proletarians (working class). In The Communist Manifesto he discusses how capitalism is part of the transition to communism. MarxShow MoreRelatedThe Writings Of Karl Marx, Adam Smith, And Andrew Carnegie1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe writings of Karl Marx, Adam Smith, and Andrew Carnegie all made significant impacts in society not only in their time, but continuing to this day. Marx shared is opinions on capitalism and his views of the progression of human society in his writing, The Communist Manifesto which he wrote with Friedrich Engles and published in 1848. Marx believed in the idea of a society with no capitalism and the abolition of the bourgeoisie. Adam Smith wrote a book called Th e Wealth of Nations which was publishedRead MoreWorld Economy from 1850 Until Today3262 Words   |  14 Pagesideas of Karl Marx, the founder of communism and an opponent of industrialization, blamed the capitalist society for imperialism; â€Å"imperialism is the highest form of capitalism†. Marx believed in a cycle, which would always lead back to a communist revolution because of the tension between the proletariat and the ruling bourgeoisie class. He wanted a â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat† in which case the class divisions would disappear and everyone would be equal. Nonetheless, Karl Marx was not theRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pages9. Modernizing government: the calculating self, hybridization, and performance measurement Liisa Kurunmaki and Peter Miller  ¨ 10. Analytics of costing system design Eva Labro 11. Understanding management control systems and strategy Kim Langfield-Smith v vii xi 1 20 42 69 92 117 146 166 198 217 243 x CONTENTS 12. Management accounting, operations, and network relations: debating the lateral dimension Jan Mouritsen and Allan Hansen 13. Trends in budgetary control and responsibilityRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesStates of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the Long Twentieth Century †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the TwoRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesOrganizational Interviews 629 SKILL PRACTICE 634 Exercises for Conducting Special-Purpose Interviews 634 Evaluating the New Employee-Orientation Program 634 Performance-Appraisal Interview with Chris Jakobsen 637 Employment-Selection Interview at Smith Farley Insurance 643 Supplement C CONDUCTING MEETINGS 651 SKILL LEARNING 652 Conducting Effective Meetings: A Short Guide for Meeting Managers and Meeting Participants The Five P s of Effective Meetings 652 Suggestions for Group Members

Conceptual Art Essay Example For Students

Conceptual Art Essay I believe that conceptual art, as a whole, is a very one sided art form. To make a piece of art that focuses only on the concept and pretty much eliminate the aesthetic factors is, in my opinion, not good art. It seems to me that with conceptual art, the creator, most of the time is so wrapped up in the Idea, that in the long run, he or she looses the important element of clarity. What I mean by clarity is the artworks ability to convey its message or idea to the viewer. Yes, I do believe that the thoughts behind a piece is crucial, but one of the challenges an artist faces, is to be able to convey their thoughts, ideas, emotions, and reactions in some way readable to the viewer. I also think that ones artwork should have a certain finnished or composed quality to it. It has been hard for me in the past, when viewing or expieriencing coneptual art, to really connect with the artists work, because it usually has been very scattered, or the idea is to make the art look poor in quality on purpose. Take for instance a film movement called The French New Wave, in particular, a film called Breathless by Jean Luc Godard. The only thing that I could focus on was the cinematography, which was designed to look like a two year old had filmed it and maybe a three year old edited it. There are jump cuts everywhere, and there were numerous instances where mistakes in the films continuity were blatently obvious. Now, dont get me wrong, I do understand that these mistakes were purposly made, and the reason he did it was to draw the viewers attention away from the other elements of the film to focus mainly on the cinematography, but that doesnt excuse the fact that I found it very hard to sit through, which, in the long run, made me lose interest in the piece all togeather. Basically what I am trying to say, is that initally, conceptual art can be incredibly vague and boring. I also realize that conceptual art is better understood if the viewer is aware of what kind of angle the piece would be taking, which leads me to my next point. Why is conceptual art rarely explained before the piece is viewed or performed? If it obviously doesnt make sence just from viewing it, dont you think that it would be wise to cue your audience in on what it is they are about to endure. I have noticed that endurance is also a common area of exploration in world of conceptual art.

Learning and Teaching with Wiki Technology

Introduction Wiki refers to a website that permits its users to introduce, adjust, or remove its content through a web browser normally applying a rich-text editor or an uncomplicated markup language. The Wiki software, which is generated collaboratively, powers the wikis (Parker, Chao, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Learning and Teaching with Wiki Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wikis offer numerous different functions, for instance, note taking and information administration. Wikis could be society websites in addition to intranets, for instance. Some allow control of various roles (levels of admittance). The developer of WikiWikiWeb (the initial wiki software), Ward Cunningham, originally expressed it as the easiest online database that would perhaps work (Parker, Chao, 2007). Wiki is a Hawaiian term denoting quick. Adulthood learning touches on all key features of adult educatio n (Marcoux, Loertscher, 2009). It includes topics like contribution, adult education theories, attributes of adult students, and the association between education and advancement in adulthood (Merriam, 2008, pp. 93-94). Wikis permit visitors to take part in dialog and distribute information amongst contributors of group projects, or to undertake learning with one another (Marcoux, Loertscher, 2009). This paper will contrite on the application of wikis and will comprise of a scholarly paper, position paper, teaching method report, observation report and site report. Scholarly paper The reputation of wikis has started to draw the attention of instructors, who anticipate that wikis will assist not just communication but as well the joint finding, determining, and distribution of knowledge, which are all necessary properties in a learning context. The present position of the wiki learning reveals a selection of applications for adult learners, mainly in writing tasks, group assignment s, and distance learning online. Wikis are starting to fill a gaping emptiness in existing performances. They permit tremendously rich, flexible teamwork that has positive mental consequences for adult learners. Joint creativity assures to be chief business ability in future years. Adult learning institutions can recommend immense worth to their students by acquainting them with the uncomplicated expertise that makes joint networks achievable. Today’s adult students will not â€Å"just control business advances of the future, but also in numerous cases will run them† (Mindel, Verma, 2006, p.26). By including wikis into the classroom, teachers can well train students to create innovative applications of joint software instruments.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among the most remarkable pieces of the study was done in Brazil as well as other places and demonstr ates that a noteworthy number of adults (around 10%) study literacy skills devoid of ever being to primary school or even adult literacy classes. They discover these skills in the course of life. There is a view that to place these adults in a literacy class having literacy textbook foremost and then request them to apply literacy skills afterward is to treat them similar to kids (grown-up kids but still kids). In an applicable form of this, initially the class applies the textbook but progressively a rising quantity of real literacy assignments are taken into the classroom (Mindel, Verma, 2006). Moreover, there is spending of more and more time on these undertakings instead of on the plain textbook. The association linking literacy and mind-sets is reciprocal: whereas reading capabilities make some actions feasible and are capable of influencing people to some mind-sets, those same actions and mind-sets make the instances for bettering literacy abilities. Position paper Appreciati on that adult education is above cognitive practicing, as a multidimensional occurrence, and that it occurs in different contexts has improved our comprehension of the way adults study and thinking of instructional policies that may be used to foster learning in adulthood. Wikis has much to give to the future of learning and education in adulthood. In the future, the argument of Wiki will go beyond the current version and comprise the international viewpoint of others who have published and written on adult education. The wide perspective of Wiki ought to connect with other theories regarding adult education within this field and has a lot to offer to adulthood learning. Continued study will assist to set up Wiki as a methodical academic discipline (Smith, n.d). It has now been obvious from the discussions of Wiki that, concentration on sustaining the university education sector, by offering scholarships and giving expert literature, was in threat of ignoring other means of supporti ng adult learning. From a dissimilar point of view, there will be the need to discover the insinuations for education in adulthood as a field of learning of the tendency on the way to degree classes in university education for adult educators and learners, and the simultaneous development of provision at diploma and certificate level by non-university institutions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Learning and Teaching with Wiki Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A number of universities are in recent times creating an Academic Wiki Doctoral plan, and this suggests that there will arise even greater dedication to being involved in moving this further. They will carry on engaging in the Wiki discussions. Teaching Method Report Scaffolding In scaffolding, support to help the advancement of the adult learner is provided. Scaffolding is applied in cases where an educator has just a few adult learner s. Scaffolds facilitate â€Å"adult learner’s capacity to build on earlier knowledge and take up new information† (Parker, Chao, 2007). With an increase in student’s capacity, scaffolding services from a professional are eliminated slowly by slowly as students become more independent. The advantage of scaffolding is that it is personalized so it can help every learner. Constructivism Constructivism is learning where adult learners construct their knowledge and comprehending according to their experiences. This helps adult learners comprehend what to anticipate and the way to choose and process received information. Constructivism is used when teaching â€Å"agricultural, vocational, technical learning and other disciplines† (Parker, Chao, 2007, p.65). The advantage of constructivism is that instead of memorizing, learners have better comprehending and have an ability to think more effectively. Assignments and Lectures Lectures pooled with assignments wo rk excellently for adult students. Problem working out assignments, for instance, and papers or assignments that need extra research outside the extent of the class can assist to support additional education and give adults the capacity to relate concepts in various situations. In class condition, short period assignments, which can be conferred in a classroom, is as well a good advance (Merriam, 2008). Observation Report The 5-hour study observation in adults, in adult learning using Wiki, â€Å"was conducted with 12 fifth grade learners that were assigned to three groups randomly† (Park, Crocker, Nussey, Springate, Hutchings, 2010, p.318). Two groups obtained a comprehension material and teaching on concept mapping. The learners had to go through the given materials after which they rectified the mistakes in the map. For the scaffold-fading class, the instruction comprised of the following: (a) study a professional idea map, (b) Fill in the gaps in the professional idea ma p (with the entire structure), (c) finish the partial professional idea map (with incomplete structure). (d) Make the idea map using the particular ideas and relation connections, and (e) decide the main ideas and relation connections from the content to create the idea map. After the 5 hours, it was apparent that the map correction classes did well than the other group, because of a structure offered for and a reminder in the text of the map correction class (Park, Crocker, Nussey, Springate, Hutchings, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Site Report Columbia School of Continuing Education offers English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) among other courses by use of Wiki. The use of Wiki in these courses is vital in helping immigrants with not just the attainment of the English language, but also the acclimation progression to the civilization of the United States. An ordinary difficulty in adult learning using Wiki in the US is the shortage of expert advancement chances for adult teachers. Most adult instructors come from other careers. Thus, they are not excellently trained to manage adult learning concerns (Parker, Chao, 2007). Most of the opportunities existing, in this field, are just part-time lacking any advantages or permanence, since they are frequently financed by government contributions that may last for just a year or two. Conclusion Wiki has proved to be a superb tool in the field of adult learning. Teaching adult learners using Wiki can be either a rewarding practice or a very provoking one rely ing on the technique one applies. Teachers are expected to gain from the brief summary of some of the main advances to training adult learners. Creating the adult education approach that suits a given group of adult learners is the task of each teacher (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2006). Apart from Wiki, other methods can as well be applied to teach adult learners. Lastly, teaching adult students ought to be symbiotic, where both the learner and the teacher benefit from the education experiences. An educator, in this instance, is merely a judge in a choir of adult learners. Reference List Marcoux, E., Loertscher, D. (2009). Achieving Teaching and Learning Excellence with Technology. Teacher Librarian, 37 (2), 14-22. Merriam, S. B. (2008). Adult learning theory for the twenty-first century. New Directions for Adult Continuing Education, 1 (119), 93-98. Merriam, S., Caffarella, R., Baumgartner, L. (2006). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide. San Francisco: Jossey-Ba ss. Mindel, J. L., Verma, S. (2006). Wikis for Teaching and Learning. Communications of AIS, 18, 2-38. Park, C. L., Crocker, C., Nussey, J., Springate, J., Hutchings, D. (2010). Evaluation of a Teaching Tool – Wiki – in Online Graduate Education. Journal of Information Systems Education, 21 (3), 313-321. Parker, K. R., Chao, J. T. (2007). Wiki as a Teaching tool. Interdisciplinary Journal of Knowledge and Learning Objects, 3, 57-72. Smith, C. (n.d.). Wikis and Education. Retrieved from http://www.shambles.net/pages/learning/ict/wikiedu/ This research paper on Learning and Teaching with Wiki Technology was written and submitted by user Leighton Shaw to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.